Emerging Sunspot String

Prominences Too!

Miraculous clear sky continued on the morning of October 25th. A string of significant sunspots had rotated into view on the Sun's eastern edge and conditions were too good to pass up. When I began imaging at 11:00am EDT, wind was calm, temperature was 57 degrees, and seeing was fairly good.

The following 9-panel mosaic shows the sunspot string at lower left along with a number of filaments scattered about the disc. (Click on the image for an enlarged view.)

A good number of prominences were visible in addition to the sunspots. Some of these prominences are revealed when the previous mosaic is processed to show them.

The next 3-panel mosaic shows a closer view of major sunspots. From left to right below are sunspots 3873, 3872, 3869, and solitary spot 3868. The weird triangular-shaped dark filament above the sunspots has an unusual configuration. I find the emerging "baby" sunspots particularly interesting. One is above the triangular filament, and one is below. When you enlarge the image to full size you can see magnetic arches rising above these active areas. This mosaic shows particularly good detail when viewed at full size.Next is a single detailed picture of sunspots and accompanying prominences. When you click on the image to see the enlarged full-sized version, you get a good view of the swirling activity within the sunspot string.

Prominences were arranged all around the solar limb this day. I took 17 separate images, stepping around the limb, hoping to eventually combine them into a complete prominence limb mosaic. Unfortunately, one of the 17 images was slightly too close to the limb. I guess my concentration wavered during that one image alignment. Consequently, Photoshop would not combine the images well enough to produce a normal mosaic. I tried to salvage the mosaic as best I could and produced an imperfect version. I couldn't figure out how to remove the annoying "notch" you see below.

In spite of the screwed up limb mosaic, I really enjoyed eavesdropping on this complex sunspot arrangement!.
 

Comet Tsuchinshan-Atlas C2023

Spectacular Views!

Comet Tsuchinshan-Atlas C2023 put on quite a show in October! This was the best comet I've seen since Comet West in 1976. 

On October 12th the comet had just recently swung around the Sun and was predicted to appear close to the horizon shortly after sunset. I had previously searched for an observing site with an unobstructed horizon and found a nice one overlooking the James River about a 10-minute drive from my house. I arrived shortly before sunset to use the setting Sun as a guide because the comet would appear closely above the sunset point. The following wide field sunset image was taken at 6:31 pm EDT.

As you can see above, sky conditions were unusually clear near the horizon. At 7:19 pm EDT I took the next twilight image capturing Venus on the left and the comet on the far right, both having nearly the same 6.67-degree height above the horizon. (Enlarging the image makes the comet easier to see.) In the photo a portion of the comet tail shows up even in bright twilight, but, on October 12th, I had a hard time seeing the comet with the naked eye.

In the next image I isolated just the comet alone from the previous picture.

On the next evening, October 13th, the comet was higher in the sky after sunset. When I saw clear sky conditions, I decided to see if the comet would be visible from a corn field within walking distance of my house. It was a relatively mild evening with temperature in the upper 60's, so I didn't bother to exchange shorts for long pants. I hurried over to the corn field taking a shortcut through about 200 meters of grassy field. This brief journey over grass had unexpected consequences! I later discovered both ankles covered with chigger bites! Several days of itchy discomfort followed.

As I took pictures with my Nikon Z6II mosquitoes attacked in a dense cloud. They constantly brushed my bare legs and face, and their high-pitched whine buzzed past my ears. While working the camera I danced around swatting my legs while pulling a light jacket over my head. At home afterward I discovered legs and socks covered with bloody spots where I had crushed mosquitoes. Miraculously, I managed to avoid mosquito bites. The chiggers were another story, however.

In spite of the insect assault, I did manage to get some images on October 13th. The following picture was taken at 7:37 pm EDT when the comet was 7 degrees above the horizon and faintly visible to the naked eye.

On October 14th the southwestern sky was hazy, but the comet was higher in the sky. This evening the comet was clearly visible to the naked eye even in the presence of moonlight. Once again, I journeyed to the nearby cornfield, appropriately clad in long pants to avoid the previous night's insect disaster. The next image is a 6-second exposure that shows some corn field foreground and approximates the actual naked eye view.

The next image from October 14th is an 8-second exposure. It shows more of the tail, but makes background sky brighter and causes stars to trail a bit. In both previous pics the comet was about 7 degrees above the horizon.

There are two interesting things to notice in the previous October 14th images. First, the anti-tail pointing downward just below the bright comet head is faintly visible in each picture if you enlarge and use averted vision. I needed darker sky and less moonlight to make the anti-tail more visible. Second, look roughly halfway up the comet tail to see two star-like objects within the tail itself! (Once again, enlarge the images to see this better.) The object on the left is the star 5 Serpentis, and the object on the right is globular cluster M5! Of course the comet tail is very much in the foreground with the star and globular cluster far away behind it! The comet was 4 light minutes away, 5 Serpentis was 82.8 light years away, and M5 was 24,000 light years away. This was a chance alignment of three unrelated objects along the line of sight. Here is a magnified picture of 5 Serpentis and M5 captured on March 13th, 2024 with my Seestar 50:

On October 15th globular cluster M5 was next to the comet's head! It would have made a great picture with my Seestar, but the sky was completely cloudy, and comet observing was impossible.

Although clear sky returned on October 16th, the nearly full Moon now became a problem. Moonlight washed out the tail in the next pic taken at 7:34pm EDT when the comet was 18 degrees above the horizon.

Enlarge the next labelled image and notice star 5 Serpentis and globular M5 below the comet head. By comparing this October 16th image with the October 14th image (where the distant pair were behind the tail) you can see how far the comet moved relative to the stars in two days.

The comet was higher above the horizon on October 17th. It would have been seen against darker background sky under moonless conditions, but, unfortunately, the nearly full Moon's brightness cancelled the comet's higher altitude advantage. Nevertheless, in spite of a streetlight directly in the line of sight, I could see the comet from my front porch. Instead of making the long trek to my cornfield observing site I set up my camera on the front porch to capture the next image at 7:54pm EDT when the comet was about 17 degrees above the horizon. The comet now looks slightly dimmer than the previous October 16th image even though I doubled the 16th's ISO value for this 4-second exposure.

The incredible string of cloudless evening skies continued on October 18th. This night I discovered a new observing site in a field only an 8-minute walk from my house. Better yet, the 8-minute walk was entirely on paved surfaces avoiding chigger infested grass on the way to the corn field! The Moon rose a bit later than the previous night and was slightly less full. The next image shows the comet about 24 degrees above the horizon. It was taken at 7:31pm EDT with the same camera settings as the October 17th image .

Sagittarius and the Milky Way were visible low to the south, so I took a couple constellation pictures. While gazing around overhead I noticed a strange object moving across the southeastern sky. It looked like a bright feather. After a moment of stunned inaction I quickly swung my Nikon around and tried to get a picture, only managing to capture one shot at 7:36pm EDT before the object disappeared behind trees. (Enlarge to get the best detail.) Here's what that hasty shot revealed:

I wondered if this was a rocket launch from Wallops Island on Virginia's Eastern Shore, but could find nothing online about such a launch on October 18th. Later at home, when I inspected a Sagittarius/Milky Way image taken at 7:34pm EDT, I noticed the strange feather-like object exiting on the image's extreme lower left edge. (You need to enlarge the picture to full size to recognize the object on the very edge.)

I searched for other possible October 18th rocket launches and discovered Space X had launched a Falcon 9 rocket with 20 Starlink satellites aboard from Cape Canaveral on October 18th at 7:31pm EDT! So I had, indeed, observed that Space X rocket launch! From the Sagittarius/Milky Way pic I could see it originated in the southeast. So it couldn't have been a launch from Wallops Island in the northeast. I only wish I had seen it sooner! If I had taken the Milky Way pic a few seconds sooner, I might have caught the rocket closer to image center. I couldn't get the camera in position fast enough to get better subsequent pictures. Still, this was an awesome sight to behold!

Incredible as it seems for southeastern Virginia, the sky was completely clear again on October 19th! This evening I tried something different. I took my Seestar to the new nearby observing site. It was worth the effort because Seestar produced the following comet image with a 2-minute exposure.

The entire comet tail was too large to fit within Seestar's field of view. Due to its orbital motion during the 2-minute exposure the comet drifted slightly relative to background stars. The comet head is slightly smeared out by this drift, but not too badly during two minutes. Longer exposures reveal more tail detail, but the comet head then becomes trailed into a straight line instead of being the point-like object it truly is. For example, look closely at the comet head in an enlargement of the following 5-minute exposure. You can see the head elongation.

As the comet dimmed day by day, Nikon images were less impressive. I looked forward to using Seestar again on the diminished comet.

On October 20th I took a day off from imaging. Then it was clear yet again on October 21st. Once again, I walked over to my favored observing site carrying the tripod-mounted Nikon. The Moon had not yet risen and the comet was higher in the sky. In spite of these advantages, the comet had dimmed so considerably that I could barely see it with averted vision. After struggling for some time to find the comet in the camera viewfinder I managed to get the following image at 7:38pm EDT when the comet was about 28 degrees above the horizon.

The sky is noticeably darker and the comet noticeably dimmer than previous photos with identical camera settings (4 sec at ISO 3200 with a 70mm f/2.8 lens).

After October 21st the comet faded significantly. I could no longer see it with the naked eye. On October 28th the comet's orbit brought it near distant globular cluster NGC6426. In spite of scattered hazy clouds I thought it might be worthwhile to capture this close encounter with Seestar. This time I hauled a beach chair to the observing field so I could control Seestar more comfortably. The best picture I managed to get between drifting clouds was the following 3-Minute exposure.

Dim globular cluster NGC6426 is visible to the lower left of the comet head. Once again, this is a chance alignment of unrelated objects. The comet was 7.26 light minutes away this evening and NGC6426 was 67,000 light years away far behind the comet! 

Clouds and increasing moonlight put an end to comet imaging. Perhaps I'll try again with Seestar near new Moon sometime in November.

More Star Clusters

Productive Seestar Session

A long period of clear autumn sky began on October 8th. That evening, after Seestar was set up outside in my backyard, I went inside to begin grabbing images for as long as I could stay awake. A good number were added to my Messier collection. When I quit after midnight, temperature had dropped to 53 degrees, and I had captured 14 images. Only four of the most interesting images are displayed below.

First is decent-sized globular cluster M12 in the constellation Ophiuchus. I've found10-minute exposures like this one work well for globular clusters.

I added open cluster M37 in Auriga to my Messier collection with the 5-minute exposure shown next.

I often discover attractive open clusters not included in the Messier catalog. For example, NGC663 in Cassiopeia is quite beautiful and shows nicely in the following 5-minute exposure.

Another example is open cluster NGC7789 in Cassiopeia. This cluster, also called Caroline's Rose, is incredibly rich. The next 5-minute exposure displays it well. It was discovered in 1783 by William Herschel's sister, Caroline, who was a very accomplished observer in her own right.

Why didn't Messier include the previous two clusters in his catalog? If he could observe M37 with his equipment, he should have been able to see NGC663 and NGC7789 as well. I don't know the explanation.

As this night ended I had added ten more Messier objects to my collection bringing my total to 71 out of 110.

Sunspots Before Aurora Display

Sunspots One Day Before Geomagnetic Storm

Months of cloudy weather finally ended enabling my first solar imaging session since July. Lovely cloudless skies continued for several days in early October. The following October 9th satellite view shows clear sky over Virginia, a good opportunity for solar observing.

Conditions were wonderful as I began imaging at 9:30 am EDT. It was 60 degrees under cloudless blue sky with no wind. When I quit one hour later, the temperature had risen to only 63 degrees. Seeing conditions were good, but not exceptional. Although the Sun displayed few dramatic prominences this day, several nice sunspots and filaments were spread across the solar disc as shown in the next 9-panel mosaic.

From left to right above are sunspots 3852 at lower left, 3849 and 3850 in the middle, and 3848 on top. Remnants of departing sunspot 3842 are on the right edge of the solar limb. (Click on the image to enlarge.) 

A few prominences can be seen on the limb when the mosaic above is processed differently. Enlargement also reveals some evidence of activity rising slightly above sunspot 3842 near the right limb.

Four major sunspots show good detail in the following 4-panel mosaic with 3848 at the top, 3849 and 3850 in the middle, and 3852 on the bottom left. The big filament to 3848's left was long lasting. Enlarge the image and notice a small eruption from 3852's umbra in the lower left corner.

Sunspot 3848's umbra looked like a Halloween skull! An X-class solar flare from this sunspot on October 8th produced the coronal mass ejection which caused the dramatic auroral display on October 10th. I wasn't lucky enough to capture that flare when I observed on October 9th. The image below was one day too late!

The next image's lower left shows a small white flare erupting above 3852's umbra at 9:37 am EDT.

With luck I won't have to wait another two months for an opportunity to use my solar telescope.

Aurora in Virginia!

Rare Light Show

Sitting in my living room on the evening of October 10th I began receiving numerous notifications about dramatic auroral activity. Normally, I ignore these alerts because the chance of seeing an aurora at my southeastern Virginia latitude of 37.4 degrees is very low. This time, however, an unusually big geomagnetic storm was predicted, so, just to check, I peeked outside at the northern horizon where I saw a dim red glow unlike the usual glow from light pollution. Next, I grabbed my phone and took a quick 2-second handheld exposure to check the aurora possibility. To my surprise I saw lots of red and even some green! So I rushed inside to tripod mount my Nikon Z6II. Nikon images quickly confirmed that an actual aurora was ongoing! Here's one of the first pictures I took at 10:31 pm EDT.

You can see hints of green on the right. The green faded quickly, however. I should have gone outside 30 minutes earlier. I suspect the green color was more intense then. You can see red becoming stronger relative to green in the next image taken one minute after the previous one.

Soon red became the dominant color covering most of the northeastern sky.

The light show steadily diminished. By 10:54 pm EDT the familiar curtain shape often seen in auroras appeared. 

Finally, by 11:34 pm EDT, most of the display had faded away. Only a dim red pillar was visible in the northeast running through the constellation Taurus.

The NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center produced the following forecast map for this October evening. 

Auroras over Canada were a sure thing according to this map, but not such a sure thing in Virginia. Auroras are very rare in Virginia. I've seen dramatic auroras in Iceland and Norway, but I've seen only one other aurora in Virginia since moving here 47 years ago. So it was a special thrill to see this limited light show from my backyard!

Star Clusters

Collecting Messier Objects

My ongoing quest to get Seestar images of all Messier objects took a big step forward recently. Every October seems to include a period of clear sky and mild autumn temperature, a welcome relief from months of steamy, cloudy summer nights. On October 5th there were no clouds, little moonlight, and only a couple temporary neighbor lights to interfere. I captured a good number of Messier star clusters to add to my collection.

Some open clusters are very pretty like M52 in Cassiopeia shown in the first image below, a 5-minute exposure. Note the small bit of red nebulosity at the top. This is the edge of the Bubble Nebula, NGC7635.

Another beautiful cluster in Cassiopeia is M103 shown next in a 3-minute exposure. Star colors here aren't as dramatically evident as I'd like. I don't know how to solve this color problem.

Open cluster M21 in Sagittarius is next. It's located near the beautiful Trifid Nebula, M20, partially visible at the bottom right of the following 3-minute exposure. I find M21's little circular loop of stars very attractive.

Probably the most famous open cluster of all is the Pleiades in the constellation, Taurus. A 20-minute exposure revealed some of the white reflection nebula lit by cluster stars. When I captured the next image the Pleiades happened to be oriented in just the right way to fall almost entirely within Seestar's limited field of view. This was a happy surprise!

Open cluster M34 in Perseus is a bit less striking than the previous clusters as you can see in the next 5-minute exposure.

The Messier catalog contains a couple of oddball members like the asterism M73 in Aquarius shown in the next 2-minute exposure. Perhaps the small group of four stars seemed like a fuzzy object in Messier's telescope? 

There are A LOT of globular clusters in the Messier catalog including a number of small unimpressive ones. If you've seen one of these unimpressive globulars, you've seen them all. So I'm not displaying all the globulars I captured this night, only the next two. First is globular cluster M10 in Ophiuchus. It has a good sized diameter in the following 10-minute exposure.

Globular cluster M30 in Capricornus appears smaller than M10. It has three short lines of stars pointing nearly towards its center. Each stellar line consists of three equally bright stars. These distinctive lines are visible in the next 10-minute exposure when you click on the image to view it at full size.

It took a 30-minute exposure to show inner parts of face-on spiral galaxy M74 in Pisces shown next. 

Finally, I attempted to capture a portion of the Heart Nebula, IC1805, in Cassiopeia. The entire nebula is too large to fit within Seestar's field of view, so I tried to include just the brightest portion. Even so, red nebulosity is barely visible in the next 30-minute exposure. Perhaps more would show up in darker skies and longer exposures.

I learned a valuable lesson during this Seestar session. Anticipating a long night, I used a charger cable and extension cord plugged into Seestar to keep the battery fully charged. I control Seestar from inside my house and was so lulled into indoor comfort I didn't check the cord status as I should have. After some time I noticed battery charge declining instead of remaining steady. When I went outside to see what was wrong I found the charging cord wrapped around Seestar several times like a boa constrictor! Fortunately, Seestar hadn't tipped over, but increasing cable tension had eventually broken the cord's USB connector and pulled it out of Seestar's USB port. I'll never make this mistake again! Seestar completes several complete rotations during a long night finding targets all over the sky. In the future I need to check outside more often.

I've now imaged 60 of the 110 Messier objects. As the October clear period continues I hope to increase the collection and post more images soon.
 

Roaming the Sky

Target Variety

 The sky was cloudless on September 10th and all five neighbors' spotlights were turned off. Although a nearly first quarter Moon hung in the south, clear conditions were too good to pass up. Forecasts predicted two upcoming cloudy weeks along with a brightening Moon, so I was motivated to take my Seestar outside for some imaging. There was no wind, and temperature ranged from the mid to low 60's.

I've decided to try capturing Seestar images of all 110 objects in the Messier catalog, so I began this night with some globular clusters and open clusters in Sagittarius, Scorpius, and Aquarius while the first quarter Moon continued getting lower in the sky. I've found 10-minute exposures work well for all globular images below. Globular cluster M28 had a relatively small apparent size and appeared among a crowded Sagittarius Milky Way star field in the first image below.

Also located in Sagittarius, dramatic globular cluster M55 is almost twice the apparent size of M28 and is nicely portrayed in the next image. 

The central portion of globular M2 in Aquarius seems burned out in the next image. (Click on images to get an enlarged view.)

The last member of this night's globular collection is M15 in Pegasus shown next. 

Open cluster M23 in Sagittarius features several interesting star chains and patterns in the next 5-minute exposure.

Pretty open cluster M6 in Scorpius, also known as the Butterfly Cluster, contains a couple colorful stars and an arrow-like grouping in the next image. M6 was very close to the horizon. I had to end the exposure after only one minute and 40 seconds because rooftops were beginning to show in the bottom of the image. I cropped rooftops out of this image.

While collecting the previous cluster images I came across dim galaxy NGC6822 with planetary nebula NGC6818 located nearby in the same field of view. This pair in the constellation Sagittarius are shown in the next 20-minute exposure. The galaxy, left of center, is barely visible above background noise. NGC6822, known as Barnard's Galaxy, was discovered in 1884 by Edward Emerson Barnard. It looks very similar to our own Milky Way galaxy's satellite, the Small Magellanic Cloud. Planetary nebula NGC6818, also known as the Little Gem Nebula, is the small blue-green object in the upper right hand corner. This nebula is too small to show any internal structure at Seestar's image scale.

Planetary nebula NGC 6818 in the previous image has an apparent angular diameter of only 22 X 15 arc seconds. Many planetary nebulae are similarly small and show up only as small blue-green circles in Seestar images. For example, NGC7662, the Blue Snowball Nebula in the constellation Andromeda, is about 30 arc seconds in diameter. It's the small blue-green circle near center of the next image, a 5-minute exposure.

Another example is planetary nebula NGC 7009 in Aquarius whose apparent size is about 30 X 25 arc seconds. This planetary is called the Saturn Nebula because its elongated shape in small telescopes slightly resembles Saturn's rings. Only a hint of this structure is visible in the next 5-minute exposure.

On the other hand, some planetary nebulae, like NGC1501 in Camelopardalis shown in the next 8-minute exposure, are large enough for Seestar to reveal internal structure. NGC1501 has a diameter of about 54 arc seconds. You can see the 14.5 magnitude central star when the image is viewed at full size.

My final planetary nebula for the night was the famous Ring Nebula, M57, in Lyra. Its apparent angular size is about 84 X 66 arc seconds, significantly larger than the previous examples above, so a 5-minute exposure reveals the ring shape and hints of red color.

Camelopardalis is an often overlooked northerly constellation recently featured in the October issue of  Sky and Telescope magazine. A suggested target there was open cluster NGC1502 which Seestar captured nicely in the following 5-minute exposure. Enlarge the image to see several close star pairs and a semicircular arc containing nine stars.

NGC281, the Pacman Nebula in Cassiopeia, was also well placed in the northern sky. The following 30-minute exposure taken with light pollution filter in place exhibits the Pacman mouth oriented upward. As usual with all my Seestar emission nebula images I find the red color dull compared to colors exhibited in more expert images.

I ran out of energy at 1:30 am and brought the dew dampened Seestar inside. At this point I've collected 45 out of the 110 Messier objects and look forward to capturing more in future months.