Friday, September 13, 2013

Riding the Great Allegheny Passage - Day 1

Pittsburgh to Connellsville

After biking the complete length of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Towpath eleven years ago from Washington, DC to Cumberland, MD, I looked for other long trails to ride. The next obvious choice was the Great Allegheny Passage. Now complete, it offers a continuous trail between Pittsburgh, PA and Cumberland, MD. Since age makes me increasingly fragile, and my ability to do long bike trips might not last much longer, I was keen to ride the Great Allegheny Passage trail this year. 

On September 7th we drove about 380 miles to our hotel near the starting point in Pittsburgh. The long drive was not as tiring as I expected. While traveling on the Pennsylvania Turnpike C reminisced about childhood trips to visit relatives in Pittsburgh.

After checking in at the hotel, we navigated unfamiliar, gritty, urban streets to a Primanti Brothers franchise in North Versailles. We wanted to try the famous Primanti Brothers sandwich, a Pittsburgh specialty. Pittsburgh Steelers banners hung from the ceiling, and one wall was devoted to a mural depicting Pittsburgh sport heros like Franco Harris and Jack Ham. Four pierogies in butter and onions took the edge off our hunger. Monumental sandwiches came next, too high to fit in one bite. My over-the-top sandwich had kielbasa, cheese, coleslaw, tomato, and french fries between slices of Italian bread. It was a great sandwich, but there were way, way too many fries. Flavors of all other ingredients were diluted in an ocean of fries. Three fries would have been plenty.
Since nothing else could fit in our bowling ball stomachs, we headed back through more grim neighborhoods to the hotel located in the Homestead Waterfront section of Pittsburgh, a fairly new reclaimed industrial site that was once an enormous steel mill. Here's what the site looked like in 1910. Notice the line of parallel smoke stacks on the left.
The steel mill is completely gone now, replaced by a modern shopping center, restaurants, offices, and nice apartment buildings. Only a few previous structures remain, like the smoke stacks, gantry crane, and pump house with US Steel logo seen below.
The next morning, September 8th, I began my ride at 8:35 am from the hotel parking lot next to the enormous gantry crane. I had approximately 141 miles of enjoyable biking ahead to Cumberland.
Although formerly an industrial site, the Homestead is now an attractive area located next to the Monongahela River. From my chosen starting point the trail began behind apartments and restaurants for the first mile. While riding this stretch I saw a river barge moving along the Monongahela to my left.
Pedaling was extremely easy for the first 10 miles or so because the trail was paved. I didn't expect to ride on pavement, so I was pleasantly surprised. The first miles parallel to the Monongahela passed by rail yards and industrial facilities, some rusting, and some functioning.
Weather conditions were excellent - not too hot or too cold. Sweat never dripped in my eyes or soaked my clothes. There were lots of interesting, though not very beautiful, things to see during the early miles. It was fun to ride on the winding, twisting trail going up over bridges and down under roads. While crossing bridges above railroad tracks I had clear views of rail yards and belching industry.
The trail briefly passed through a green stretch where this rock slide blocked part of the pavement. I cruised happily by.
Before McKeesport the trail crossed the Monongahela on this bridge.
The next two pictures show views from the bridge, first towards Pittsburgh, and next towards McKeesport.
As I approached McKeesport I worried about navigating through many turns on city streets. The route was hard to follow on Google Maps during my scouting investigation before the trip, but, on the ground, the trail was very clearly marked and easy to follow. Here is one section parallel to train tracks in McKeesport.
In McKeesport the trail leaves the Monongahela River and begins following the Youghiogheny River. WHAT river? It's pronounced YOCK-EH-GAIN-EEE, according to locals I asked. The picture below is very near where the Monongahela and Youghiogheny Rivers diverge.
Shortly after McKeesport I came upon piles of scrap metal twinkling in the morning sun. It looked like the evolution of scrap to me - first the rough scrap, next the pulverized scrap, and, finally, cubical scrap.
I passed many abandoned steel mills, factories, and coal mines along the first half of today's trip. It felt like riding through ruins of an industrial society. Just south of McKeesport, past the scrap metal plant, I pedaled down this last fairly unattractive stretch of road before encountering a more scenic trail.
Finally, I came upon some green trail on the way from McKeesport to Boston.
Below are two scenes at Boston, about 11 miles or so into the journey. Click on the image below to see mileage values.
The trail was much nicer from Boston to Dravo with the Youghiogheny River seen through trees on my left. It was a smooth ride on the well-maintained trail of hard-packed base dusted with very fine gravel.
I checked the mileage at Dravo. It was about 8 miles to my halfway point at West Newton. The trail was not crowded, but there were a good number of people biking on a nice Sunday morning.
On the way to West Newton I passed the Red Waterfall. Water with elevated levels of acid and iron comes to the surface here from underground coal mines. The water causes rocks to have a rusty color.
I arrived at West Newton after approximately 25 miles of pedaling.
According to the blue clock above, it took 3 hours to travel 25 miles to West Newton. At this point I was averaging only 8.33 mph. As usual, my goal on trail rides is enjoyment, not speedy travel. I had stopped every five minutes or so for photos, so my average speed was quite slow. I like to mosey along and take everything in.

Below is an example of nice informative signs posted at many towns along the route. It shows the trail map forward to my destination for the day, Connellsville.
After leaving West Newton I encountered this interesting example of erosion called the Mailbox Formation. Click on the image below for a closer look.
The trail continued pleasantly. Suddenly, a loud hissing noise erupted from my front tire. I thought I had a flat and prepared to curse, but there was no softening of the tire. Instead, I discovered a dead leaf, stuck in one of the front brakes, rubbing continuously against the tire. Whew! My good luck streak is unbroken. I've never had a flat on any of my trail rides.

While passing Cedar Creek Park, about 31 miles into my journey, I heard the overhead sound of a jet plane and noticed several people looking up. It was a radio controlled model jet doing loops and rolls. The flying field was up on a neighboring hill. The model jet was really noisy. It sounded almost as loud as a Blue Angel F18.

The Great Allegheny Passage trail has a gentle uphill slope from Pittsburgh to the continental divide about 117 miles east. Pittsburgh is 720 feet above sea level and Connellsville's elevation is 905 feet. So the trail rises only 185 feet during the 51 miles from Pittsburgh to Connellsville. The slope is very, very gentle indeed. I didn't notice any gradient today.

I passed several trailside memorials to coal mine disasters as I pedaled along. Below are three scenes between miles 31 and 44 of my trip.
I saw little wildlife along the way, mostly chipmunks scurrying across the trail. I did see an eagle perched on a rock by the side of the river. Unfortunately, I had no telephoto lens, and the eagle could only be seen at a distance across the river through a break in the leaves. You might barely make out the eagle sitting on the rock in the middle of this picture. Click on the picture for a better view.
Once away from the Pittsburgh vicinity I frequently passed small clusters of homes, most of which had seen better days. Today's portion of the trail was not as remote as some I've ridden. I always seemed to be within a few miles of houses or small towns.

Mile markers were placed along the trail. Only a few were missing. At this point in my journey, according to the marker, there were 95 miles to Cumberland, and I had completed 46 miles since the start. During the first part of the trip old concrete railway mile markers also appeared near the modern markers.

I found some inconsistency between mile markers and mileage figures on signs. This lack of precision offended my quantitative nature. The mileage values I quote are all probably uncertain by plus or minus one mile.
As I approached Connellsville I noticed what initially looked like caves on the hillsides to my right. They were too perfectly hemispherical to be formed by erosion. A trailside sign soon told me the caves were old abandoned coke ovens. Converting coal to coke was a major industry in the Connellsville area.

I arrived in Connellsville at 1:55 pm having traveled about 51 miles in 5 hours and 20 minutes. My overall average speed was 9.6 mph. I covered the final 26 miles at 11.2 mph because I did less photography after the halfway point. C was waiting for me in Yough River Park in Connellsville where she took this picture.
The first day of my three day trip to Cumberland left me pleasantly tired, but certainly not exhausted. I've ridden more than 2,500 miles on my road bike so far this year, so I'm in fairly good biking shape. I didn't need the sweat gutter stretched across my forehead in the picture above. It does a good job keeping sweat out of my eyes on hot days, but it makes my head ache if I wear it for more than three hours. I rode the next two days without the sweat gutter.

While driving from Connellsville to our hotel my spirits were high, and I looked forward to continuing the trip from Connellsville to Rockwood the next day. 

Friday, September 6, 2013

Sun Clouds

Plenty of Filaments

On September 4th my sky was beautifully clear, but the Sun was cloudy. Several dark filaments were scattered across the solar disc. The filaments are displayed with good contrast in the first image below, a 26-image mosaic made with a 2X Barlow lens.
Click for more detail.
The inverted version of the previous image highlights the cloud-like filaments.
Click for more detail.
The next picture is a 9-image mosaic showing the two biggest sunspots. Sunspot 1836 is above sunspot 1837. The filament in the upper right exhibits the nicest apparent "float".
Click for more detail.
Here's the inverted version. Check out the floating filament in the upper right.
I used a 5X Barlow lens to produce the following magnified image of the area in the upper right of the previous picture. The solar chromosphere is definitely not smooth!
The next two images, made with a 5X Barlow lens, show sunspot 1836. The sunspot looks like it is about to be swallowed by an approaching pacman-like pair of forking filaments.
Sunspot 1837 had interesting activity to its left as seen below.
Finally, one prominence featured a fascinating floating portion suspended above a lower base.
Observing conditions were almost perfect on September 4th. Low humidity, mild temperature, and nearly cloudless skies made imaging very pleasant. 

Wednesday, August 28, 2013

Experimenting

Limb Detail

Lately, when the Sun has dramatic features, my skies are cloudy. When clouds clear, the Sun is relatively bland. Such was the case on August 24th when there were no major sunspots. Although we are near the predicted solar activity maximum, there have been few enormous, complicated, photogenic sunspots. Because my observing opportunities are so rare I need to use any one that comes along, even when showpiece surface features are absent. So, on August 24th, I tried to capture details near the solar limb.

This 12-image mosaic, made with a 2X Barlow lens, shows most of the solar disc on August 24th. Two small, barely visible sunspots are rotating around the Sun's western rim on the right. The biggest sunspot, number 1823, is to the right of center. Tiny sunspot 1828, with a dark filament to its lower left, is left of center.
Click for full detail.
Next is a solo portrait of the most prominent sunspot, 1823, showing some limb detail to the right of the sunspot.
Click for full detail.
Well, that's it for disc detail in this post. I've previously mentioned how difficult it is to capture disc detail and limb detail together in the same image. Limb features are underexposed when disc features are properly captured. Disc features are overexposed when limb features are properly captured. Since there were few disc features to be seen on August 24th, I decided to experiment with camera settings. I tried to adjust exposure time, gain, and gamma factor to capture at least some disc features while simultaneously getting good limb detail. The next image is one experimental result - an 18-image mosaic, made with a 2X Barlow lens, of the entire limb and part of the disc.
Click for full detail.
Although disc features are overexposed, you can still see them. The prominences and spicules along the limb show up quite nicely, especially in the larger image obtained by clicking. In this image limb details also include a kind of haze just above the spicules. The haze can be removed manually, but it's quite a tedious time consuming job. Notice the large filament at the bottom to the left of center. You can follow its extent as it crosses from the disc over the edge. It shows how a filament seen against the solar disc becomes a prominence when viewed on the solar limb. Here is a solo portrait of this filament-to-prominence transition:
Click for full detail.
A few solar imagers who post their work online somehow manage to capture very high resolution images of regions near the limb. I've seen pictures showing exquisite detail and seamless transition from disc features to limb features. I wish I knew the secret to obtaining these images. The image above is relatively poor compared to some of the best work online.

In the final image below, I blocked out the disc to exhibit limb detail alone. The false yellow color seems to show well on computer screens. I spent hours manually removing the hazy noise in this image. It's the best prominence and spicule image I've produced so far.
Click for full detail.

Sunday, August 4, 2013

Brief Observing Window

Five Sunspots

A cold front passed through Lynchburg leaving a nearly clear blue morning sky on August 2nd. I quickly set up my telescope and discovered very steady images on the computer screen. Initial inspection of the Sun revealed five modest sunspots, but no dramatic filaments or prominences. Prominences were not prominent! I decided to image only disk features for this session.

The 22-image mosaic below, made with a 2X Barlow lens, shows most of the solar disk on August 2nd. Three sunspots appear along a diagonal line running from left to right on the upper portion of the disk. They are numbered 1809, 1808, and 1807 from left to right. Another two sunspots lie along a parallel diagonal line in the lower portion of the disk. They are numbered 1810 and 1806 from left to right. Steady atmospheric conditions allowed this mosaic to show very good detail which will become apparent when you click on the image to get a larger version.
Click for full detail.
Next is a nicely detailed view of sunspot 1809 alone.
Click for full detail.
The following 5-image mosaic captures sunspot 1806 and its surroundings in sharp detail. In particular, notice the region to the left of the sunspot. The grass-like spicules are very vivid!
Click for full detail.
Sunspot 1806 itself displayed complicated structure seen in the magnified image below made with a 5X Barlow lens. The spot rests in a depression surrounded by a swirling forest of spicules. Dark stripes running diagonally from the darkest region down to the smaller group of dark spots probably follow magnetic field lines between regions of opposite magnetic polarity. When I obtained this image clouds were beginning to cover the Sun. Although I'm fairly happy with the image, I'd like to get sharper detail in the future. I had good seeing this time, but blasted clouds got in the way.
Click for full detail.
I finished my first video clip at 8:45 am. Unfortunately, increasing clouds ended my observations at 9:55 am. I managed to get 36 video clips in the brief one hour and ten minute observing window available. It's too bad I couldn't take advantage of the good seeing conditions for a longer time.

Monday, July 22, 2013

Hot July Sun

Good Seeing!

Virginia weather in mid-July is hot and humid. I had done no solar observing for a month while steamy, tropical, rainy conditions persisted day after day. Finally, on the morning of July 16th, cloudless skies were temporarily present. Sometimes, at this time of year, clear skies will last for a few precious early morning hours before the usual afternoon clouds return. Sometimes these rare morning opportunities also include very steady air. On July 16th the air was very still, but also very humid! Moisture condensed on my telescope and mount until they reached ambient temperature. The steady air allowed excellent image detail, the best this year so far. Two modest sunspots were visible along with numerous filaments and some nice prominences.

This 21-image mosaic, made with a 2X Barlow lens, shows the solar disc on July 16th. In the upper left is sunspot 1793. Slightly below center is sunspot 1791.
Click for full detail.
Next is the inverted version of the previous image. It highlights filaments suspended above the solar disc. Filaments are dark in the previous image, but look like white clouds in the inverted image.
Click for full detail.
Here is a nicely detailed image of sunspot 1793 alone. The steady air allowed radial lines to be seen in the penumbra surrounding the darkest part of the sunspot.
Click for full detail.
Sunspot 1791, a bit smaller than 1793, was accompanied by several dark filaments.
Click for full detail.
An inverted version of the filaments, with sunspot 1791 in the upper right, shows the filaments as white floating clouds.
Three nice prominences were displayed along the Sun's southeastern rim, portrayed here in yellow in the following 3-image mosaic.
Click for full detail.
It's hard to get a detailed image showing both prominences and surface features in one exposure. Prominences are relatively faint, so they require longer, more sensitive exposures. Disc features are relatively bright, so they are overexposed when acquiring prominence detail. I made the following picture by combining two images, one designed to capture faint prominence details, and the other designed to capture disc details.
Click for full detail.

Clouds began moving in front of the Sun after a little more than an hour of frantic imaging. How many days will pass before I can observe again?.

Sunday, July 14, 2013

Lynchburg Photos

Nature Close to Home

Recent weather prevented solar observing for the last month. Most days have been overcast and rainy. I was particularly disappointed to miss imaging the huge, complex sunspot group crossing the Sun last week. So, instead of my usual astronomical images, I've decided to share some pictures taken over the years around my house.

I'm hoping to see sunlight like this in my yard soon.
A young deer has been grazing our back lawn almost daily this week. I caught it chomping on an azalea bush.
A few years ago a bat decided to camp in our carport for a while.
This hawk pounced from its perch to the ground, but apparently missed its prey.
One spring, robins built a nest in the planter directly in front of our living room window. I took these pictures through the window glass so I wouldn't disturb feeding time.
Some natural activity isn't very attractive! The green goop seen in the next two pictures has invaded a patch of bare ground in our yard. At first, I thought it was animal droppings. Later, I discovered it's a species of blue-green algae called Nostoc Commune. I'd love to get rid of it, but it's devilishly hard to pick up. It has a tendency to break into smaller pieces and worm its way around rocks and plants. What a mess!

People say I'm crazy doing what I'm doing
Well they give me all kinds of warnings to save me from ruin
When I say that I'm o.k. well they look at me kind of strange
Surely you're not happy now you no longer play the game

People say I'm lazy dreaming my life away
Well they give me all kinds of advice designed to enlighten me
When I tell them that I'm doing fine watching shadows on the wall
Don't you miss the big time boy you're no longer on the ball

I'm just sitting here watching the wheels go round and round
I really love to watch them roll
No longer riding on the merry-go-round
I just had to let it go

John Lennon