Sunspot 2192 Movie

Shooting Jet

On October 17th magnificent sunspot 2192 had just emerged around the Sun's eastern limb. After initially recording some video clips for still images I decided to make a time-lapse movie of this highly active region. Beginning at 2:37 pm EDT I recorded one video clip every 60 seconds until the seeing drastically deteriorated at 3:43 pm EDT. From these video clips I produced 67 still frames covering 66 minutes of solar action (from 18:37 to 19:43 UT). The first movie below compresses 66 minutes into 6.6 seconds. I did not enhance the individual still frames. Background noise appears in dark areas, and the disc is overexposed, but this allows more dim limb details to be visible. The full-sized version of this movie is better than the reduced version posted below. Unfortunately, the full-sized version is more than 35 MB! I had to crop and then reduce the cropped movie to half size so it would load and play in a reasonable time. (Be patient while the movies load. If they don't play automatically, try clicking on them.)

Notice the writhing prominence near bottom which seems to rain down onto the limb towards the sunspot. Also, notice the erupting jet of hot gas that shoots out from a white explosion near the sunspot.

While the 66-minute movie was recorded the Sun rotated slightly. The rotation can be noticed in the movie above, but it becomes more obvious in the movie below that shows only the first and last frame of the 66-minute interval.

These movies are the best I've done so far.

A Giant Appears

Tremendous Sunspot

On October 17th enormous sunspot group 2192 rotated into view around the Sun's eastern limb. If not the biggest sunspot of recent years, it certainly ranks close to the largest. I was lucky to have clear skies on October 17th to see the spot emerge. Here's what it looked like as it first became visible near the limb.

The spot doesn't look obviously impressive in the side view above because the entire extent of its structure can't be seen. Four days later, on October 21st, I obtained the following image when the spot was displayed more face-on toward Earth.

I've superimposed a picture of Earth within the large umbra in the next image to show how gigantic the spot is compared to Earth!

Sunspot group 2192 has been very active emitting several strong flares recorded by orbiting solar observatories. While gathering images for a time-lapse movie on the 17th I watched a jet of gas explode and shoot out into space.

The picture above is one still frame from a movie showing about 67 minutes of activity around the sunspot. It will take many hours to construct the movie which I will display in a future post. The next picture below, a combination of 8 individual images, shows the emerging sunspot along with several nice prominences spaced along the eastern limb.

Notice the transition from prominence to filament on the top left above. The transition shows a more three-dimensional appearance in the next closer view.

Relatively modest sunspot 2187 and two dark filaments were also present near center on the solar disc.

There were also some nice prominences on the Sun's western limb:

October 17th was a very productive observing day. I captured 100 video clips before the seeing deteriorated. Looks like 67 of these clips will make a nice time-lapse movie showing churning sunspot 2192. I hope to have the movie ready soon. 

Imperfect Conditions

Limited Features

A great solar observing session requires cloudless skies, good seeing, and dramatic features spread over the whole Sun. Although the sky was clear on October 5th, seeing was poor much of the time. Modest features covered only about half the Sun. Imperfect observing conditions, yes, but what a lovely day! It was nice to observe without sweating, freezing, or fighting insects.

Some nice prominences graced the Sun's western limb as shown in the following 5-image mosaic made with a 2X Barlow lens. (Click on the images for a larger view.)

It's hard to capture prominences without overexposing features on the much brighter disc. The next image shows why I covered disc features with a black occulting circle above.

During a period of decent seeing I recorded videos for the following 8-image mosaic showing detailed disc features in the Sun's western half. Sunspot 2182 is below center. Sunspot 2178 is on the right above center. Sunspot 2181 is very near the right edge. Three or four vertically oriented dark filaments add to the scene.

I include the next example to show what can go wrong when constructing a solar disc picture from separate individual images.

This picture above is an 18-image mosaic. You can see how some sections are blurry and some are relatively sharp. The blurry sections were recorded when the seeing was bad causing solar features to swim around in unsteady air. One sharp section near the top is surrounded by blurry sections. It also has a different brightness than its neighbors because I screwed up the recording settings for that one image. The flaws become more noticeable if you click on the image for a larger view. Even though this mosaic failed, it does show a u-shaped filament in the lower left and an erupting sunspot near the limb in the upper right. Look for these features in the larger view. Finally, here's a closer view of the u-shaped filament.

A Very Happy Birthday!

Celebrating With My Granddaughters

Happy birthday, indeed, with the help of my granddaughters! Four year-old Sophie loves birthday parties, even when the party is for Papa. Everyone must wear a party hat! Sophie retrieves several from the birthday bag. She hands one to all present. You can't refuse. Don't worry about looking goofy. In my honor she arranged a selection of stuffed animals to concentrate the party joy around me. I was honored. Highly honored.

Silly faces and winking make picture taking more fun.

Lucky grandparents corral the grandkids for pictures after the birthday party.

Little Annabelle thinks the sound of a finger running along a comb is hilarious. She has a contagious, bubbly, heart-warming laugh. You can see my hand to the right of Annabelle's head where I "played" the comb to make her smile.

I felt so happy and content this night.

Filament Triple

Features Bloom

Only five days after my last solar observing session the sky was clear again. On September 27th there were lots of nice features facing Earth. Gentle breezes and mild temperature in the 70's made afternoon observing pleasant. Seeing conditions were not particularly good, however.

Since so many solar features had bloomed, I decided to make a mosaic of the entire Sun, including prominences and spicules on the limb. For more than an hour I recorded images with a 2X Barlow lens. The first image set captured the relatively bright disc. The second image set captured the relatively dim limb. The following mosaic is a combination of 41 individual images: 22 for the disc, and 19 for the limb. In spite of processing and combining the images for several hours the final result is imperfect. Some individual images were blurrier than average, and there was too much overall brightness difference among individual disc images. The result is slight unnatural brightness variation over the disc and subtle horizontal or vertical boundaries between dark and light regions. The imperfections lessen somewhat when the mosaic is viewed at full size, so: (Click on the image for a larger view.)

Three enormous dark filaments stretch out near center and the upper right. The two nearest center were magnificent prominences a week earlier on the left limb. Sunspots dot the right half of the Sun. A few prominences are scattered around the limb. The three biggest filaments stand out nicely in the following inverted version of the previous image.

The first two mosaics were made by stacking the best 40 frames from individual 400-frame videos. The next image was constructed by stacking the best 100 frames from individual 1,000-frame videos. This picture is cropped from a 21-image mosaic and shows most of the sunspots and the three major dark filaments. At top right is sunspot 2175 next to a curved filament. Below center, stretching diagonally upward from left to right, are sunspots 2172, 2173, and 2171.

The inverted version follows.

Next is a close view of sunspots 2172, 2173 and 2171 stretching diagonally across the picture. The detail here is fairly good in spite of the mediocre seeing. This is a wonderfully complex sunspot grouping!

I still haven't managed to create a flawless mosaic of the entire Sun, but I'm getting closer.

Equinox Sun

Autumn Arrives

Nearly a month has passed since my last solar observing session. Conditions finally improved on September 22nd, the day of the autumnal equinox. The sky cleared for only a few morning hours before clouds eventually returned in the afternoon. Temperature was in the 70's while breezes ruffled papers. Short episodes of steady atmosphere existed between mostly mediocre seeing. I observed for nearly an hour beginning at 11:55 am EDT, just 10.5 hours before the exact time of the equinox. At noon the Sun's center was only about 10 arc minutes north of the celestial equator!

A few decent sunspots and filaments were scattered about the solar disc, but none were truly spectacular. The first image below, a 24-image mosaic made with a 2X Barlow lens, shows the Earth-facing side of the Sun on September 22nd. An impressive dark filament on the Sun's left (east) side is the most striking feature. (Click on the image for a larger view.)

The southeastern portion of the Sun, shown in the next 3-image mosaic, had the majority of interesting features. The long dark filament was an enormous prominence on the Sun's limb a few days before September 22nd. Two days after September 22nd the long prominence to the lower left of the sunspots also became a large filament when it rotated onto the solar disc.

The next two images were made by stacking 100 of the best frames from a 1,000-frame video. These pictures show good detail because seeing was good during most of the time the video was recorded. The first image shows sunspots 2170 (above) and 2169 (below) split by a horizontal filament.

Notice the structure to the left of the horizontal dark filament. It looks very much like the shape of magnetic field lines around the north and south poles of a bar magnet!

Gases shaped by magnetic fields on the Sun

Iron filings reveal the shape of a bar magnet's magnetic field

The group of sunspots near the southeastern limb are shown next in good detail.

Finally, here's a nice prominence hanging below the Sun's southern limb.

October usually brought clear weather at my old home in Lynchburg. I wonder if this will be true in Williamsburg.
 

Tiny Flare

Sunspot Movie

It's been a long time since I tried to make a solar movie. During my last observing session, on August 27th, I tried watching sunspot 2149 where some rapid motion had just occurred. Unfortunately, nothing huge and dramatic happened while I watched. Beginning at noon EDT I recorded 400-frame videos, one every 60 seconds, for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, nothing seemed to be happening, so I stopped recording. There were enough videos to construct 31 still frames for the following time-lapse movie which condenses 30 minutes of solar activity into about 3 seconds. The movie runs over and over in a continuous loop.

Some things to notice:

• The brief white outburst of a tiny flare to the left of the sunspot.
• The darkest central part of the sunspot, the umbra, is not uniformly dark, but, instead, broken into detailed dark segments.
• Two small, dark features shoot radially outward to the right of the umbra through the penumbra, the light annular region surrounding the umbra.
• The penumbra also displays outward moving penumbral waves like those from a stone dropped in a pond.  

(Be patient while the movie loads. if it doesn't play automatically, click on it.)