Astounding Filament

Longest Filament Yet!

During five years of solar observation I've never seen a filament as long as the one recently spread across the Sun! This astounding cloud of hot plasma ran like a river: springing up near a sunspot and winding across almost an entire solar diameter on the bottom of the Sun! Here's a 32-image imperfect mosaic showing what it looked like on the afternoon of February 11th:

There were about ten filaments present including the enormous one. Only three modest sunspots added to the scene. The inverted version highlights the filaments.

The next two images are from NASA's orbiting Solar Dynamics Observatory. They were taken at about the same time as my images. My images show the solar chromosphere in the 6563-Angstrom visible red light of excited hydrogen atoms. The NASA images show the solar corona, above the chromosphere, in the 193-Angstrom extreme ultraviolet light of 11-times ionized iron atoms. The first image shows that the long giant filament also exists in the corona. The dark area in the center is a coronal hole where solar wind shoots out freely into space towards Earth.

The next NASA image shows magnetic field lines superimposed on the previous image. Whoa! You can see how the long filament runs underneath a tunnel of magnetic field loops. Amazing!

After my last observing session on February 4th I watched online daily as the huge filament gradually revealed itself. The full length eventually came into view as the Sun rotated for seven cloudy days. Finally, on February 11th, the afternoon sky cleared. The temperature was in the low 40's, normally a bit too uncomfortable for pleasant observing, but this unique feature lured me outside. The telescope mount functioned properly, and I captured images from 2:14pm EST to 3:25pm EST. Unfortunately, the seeing was not very good. Close examination of the first mosaic above shows slightly blurry sections. Details throughout are not as sharp as they normally are. That's why I reduced the mosaic from full size to one third size. It does no good to magnify imperfections.

This unusual filament is one of the most dramatic features I've ever seen on the Sun.

February Sun

Correcting Problems

The last time I used my solar telescope more than a month ago I encountered a communication problem between the telescope mount and the software controlling the mount. Up until that point the mount and software had performed flawlessly. I waited through cold cloudy January for an opportunity to investigate the problem. Finally, on February 4th, afternoon temperature reached the low 50's. Thin clouds were present, it was windy, and the seeing was not very good, but it was warm enough to work on the mount/software problem without numb fingers.

Upon startup the mount initially moves to a predetermined "home" position. If the mount is nearly aligned to the north celestial pole, the telescope will then point at the celestial equator about 30 degrees west of the meridian. If the software is properly synchronized with the mount, the software should show the telescope pointing at the celestial equator 30 degrees west of the meridian. When I began my problem solving session on February 4th the telescope itself seemed to be pointing at the correct position in the sky above. The software, however, showed the telescope pointing well below the celestial equator. In other words, the telescope mount and the software were "not on the same page". I hoped I could correct the problem by simply moving the telescope to the Sun and "synchronizing" on the Sun. After this synchronization I commanded the mount to move to the "home" position. This time both the mount and the software were, indeed, "on the same page". I hope this has solved the problem. I'll know the next time I set my equipment up.

After fixing the synchronization problem I captured a few videos through the thin, thickening clouds. A few modest sunspots were scattered about along with a nice collection of filaments on the Sun's eastern side. The following 13-image mosaic made with a 2X Barlow lens shows most of the interesting features. (Click on the images below for a larger view.)

Filaments show up nicely in the following inverted view.

Sunspot 2280 is just to the right of the largest long filament. This filament seems to have a drooping tail hanging from its left end.

Sunspot 2277 was located near center of the solar disc. It is spread out between a prominent dark umbra on the upper left and a group of smaller spots on the lower right.

Details are not bad considering the relatively poor seeing conditions and thin clouds. I've never before started observing as early as February 4th. 

Comet Lovejoy

Second Attempt

Comet Lovejoy was well placed for observation on January 10th. It appeared conveniently high above the horizon among winter constellations in the early evening. Although this comet appears small in wide angle photos, its green color is striking among mostly blue-white stars. The sky was so clear on January 10th I couldn't resist trying to photograph the comet again. It was higher in the sky than it was on my previous attempt on December 30th, and light pollution was a bit lower. Here is the scene recorded by a 30-second unguided exposure. (Click on the images for larger views.)

Focus is slightly off in the images above. I should have been more patient checking precise focus, but freezing cold encouraged premature surrender.

Just for fun I tried getting an image with a 200mm telephoto lens. Star trailing due to Earth's rotation was a problem, of course. You can see the elongated star images in the following 10-second exposure. Focus is also not sharp. Nevertheless, the green fuzzy head of the comet is visible. The green color comes from diatomic carbon molecules excited by solar ultraviolet light.

These comet imaging experiences increased my desire for a sky tracking camera mount which will allow longer exposures without star trails. Longer exposures would reveal the comet's beautiful tail. The images above are really disappointing compared to images captured with tracking cameras.

This comet was spectacular in my 25X100 binoculars on January 16th! The coma filled a good portion of the field of view, and I could see part of the tail.

Conjunction at Dusk

Venus and Mercury Draw Close

Viewed from my front yard, Venus and Mercury hovered near treetops in the southwest about 25 minutes after sunset on January 9th. The two planets were separated by only 42.5 arc minutes (0.71 degrees) - just slightly more than the width of a full Moon!

Venus is the brighter planet near center in the image below. Dimmer Mercury is close by, offset lower to the right. The first two pictures are a very good representation of how the conjunction appeared to the naked eye. (Click on the images below for the full-sized view.)

It didn't take long for Mercury to set below the trees while my frozen fingers worked camera buttons. These first two pictures were taken with a 55mm lens.

On January 10th the planets had moved even closer together. Now they were only 38.5 arc minutes (0.64 degrees) apart, and I used a telephoto lens set at 200 mm for a magnified view. The sky was very clear - no haze or thin clouds.

The planets sank lower while a jet contrail headed toward the gap between them.

Click on the next image to get a larger view. It looks like I captured evidence of the partial phase of Mercury.

I moved the camera so my last shot would catch the pair sinking into atmospheric murk and setting into the lowest gap in the trees.

This was a particularly nice conjunction and very beautiful in binoculars.

 

Back Yard Comet?

Lousy Conditions

Comet Lovejoy (C/2014 Q2) has become well placed for observation from my house. On December 30th the comet was in the constellation Lepus, below Orion, and well above my southeastern horizon an hour or so before midnight. I quickly found the comet with binoculars. Glaring lights from nearby houses were extremely annoying, but they did not prevent clear views of the comet's fuzzy greenish coma in both my 11X80 binoculars and my 25X100 binoculars. 

Bright moonlight lit the sky. Neighborhood Christmas lights added their glow to numerous unshielded porch lights and window lights from surrounding houses. Nevertheless, I tried to photograph the comet from my back yard. The image below is a 30-second unguided exposure at ISO 1600.

You can see how bright the sky is, particularly near the bottom of the picture closer to the roof of a nearby house. Unless you know where to look the comet is hard to see. In the next picture I modified the brightness levels and cropped the view. It looks a little better, but the comet is quite small and not immediately obvious.

Next is a labeled version of the previous picture so you can see where the comet is. Click on the image below for a slightly better view.

Comet Lovejoy was certainly not a "knock your socks off" naked eye comet on December 30th. Long exposures through telescopes yielded some very nice views of the coma and tail, but the wide angle unguided pictures I took showed only a small fuzzy spot. I may try my luck again when the Moon begins to wane after January 4th.

Sunspot Hexagon

Lots of Spots

I thought my previous solar observing session would surely be the last of the year. But a combination of favorable conditions on December 17th made it hard to resist another look at the Sun. It was 54 degrees, with clear skies and a gentle wind, and the Sun had recently produced a swarm of sunspots.

Wearing only a light jacket I set up my equipment and expected the usual efficient, trouble-free start of observations. Not this time! Something was wrong with the Internet connection. The mount control software could not synchronize with a standard time source. Finally, after many wasted minutes restarting the computer and resetting the modem/router, the software's clock was eventually set to the correct time. In the next step, apparently, the mount did not properly reach its initial "home" position. Consequently, the telescope did not point toward the Sun when commanded to slew there. Then a wire got caught between moving parts in the mount causing the mount to jam. I shut everything down and restarted. The mount, once again, did not properly home. So I pointed the telescope manually toward the Sun and disconnected the mount from the computer. Since the mount is nearly polar aligned, it still tracked the Sun very well. I used the hand controller rather than the computer to move around the Sun. After all this I was, finally, able to successfully gather images. I'm really nervous about the homing error. This has never happened before. I hope it can be corrected without sending the mount back to Software Bisque. 

In spite of the initial difficulties I enjoyed capturing a spectacular array of sunspots forming an irregular hexagon centered on the solar disc. The following imperfect 16-image mosaic shows a beautiful variety of features spread across the disc. (Click on the images below for larger views.)

Next is a closer detailed view of the irregular sunspot hexagon.

The two largest sunspots are at the bottom of the previous picture. Spot 2241 is the one on the left. Spot 2242 is on the right. The following image is a closer view of these two showing lots of complicated structure in good detail.

These images were captured only 4 days before the winter solstice when the Sun is lowest in the sky. My wonderful new observing site makes imaging possible all year round.

December Sun

Anomalous Warmth

Winter is approaching. The Sun ignores Earthly seasons.

I've never used my solar telescope in cold December, but, on this December 1st, it was 65 degrees, warm enough to observe in a t-shirt! At my previous home in Lynchburg the Sun was hidden behind trees and houses in December. At my new home Sun-blocking obstacles don't interfere. The seeing was surprisingly decent in spite of persistent southerly wind. Sunspots, filaments, and prominences were on display.

The following 36-image mosaic shows most of the solar features visible on December 1st. The western edge of the Sun (on the right) has many filaments, some small sunspots about to rotate out of view, and large prominences on the rim. Single sunspot 2218 is above center, and large sunspot 2222 is below center. All these features show up particularly well in a larger view. (Click on the images below for larger views.)

The previous image was constructed from the best 40 frames of individual 400-frame videos. The next image was constructed from the best 100 frames of individual 1,000-frame videos. Details are slightly sharper in the following 16-image mosaic.

I was pleased with the fine detail in the following close view of sunspot 2222.

Finally, I attempted a 17-image mosaic of prominences. Unfortunately, this mosaic is imperfect. Brightness is uneven around the circle because my best mosaic-making software, for some reason, refused to construct a circle from the 17 separate images. Photoshop Elements was able to make the circle, but did a poor job blending pictures of different brightness.

The weather has turned ugly since December 1st. Even if I'm unable to observe again in 2014, I've had my best observing year so far.