Fluorescent Minerals

Fun With Ultraviolet

Recent visits to the New Jersey Mineral, Fossil, Gem, and Jewelry Show have increased my interest in fluorescent minerals. I've obtained three different ultraviolet lamps, purchased fluorescent specimens, and collected a few fluorescent rocks near home. My newest acquisition is a small, powerful, longwave (LW) ultraviolet flashlight whose peak output wavelength is centered on 365 nanometers. This new UV lamp is great for exciting fluorite. The first picture below shows green fluorite crystals as they appear in ordinary light. The second image below shows the same crystals fluorescing blue when illuminated with the LW UV light.

The effect is quite dramatic.

LW UV also caused nearly transparent calcite to fluoresce pink, but I couldn't find a way to properly capture this in a photo.

I had lots of fun inspecting our dark, nighttime house with the UV flashlight. It revealed dust and tiny threads on everything! Dust that's normally invisible in ordinary light glows like white snow in UV. Surfaces that looked clean in ordinary light were shown to be disturbingly splotched and splattered in UV. For example, plastic place mats and kitchen stove controls were amazingly blemished. Green leaves on one of our houseplants glowed red when lit by UV.

Illumination with higher energy shortwave (SW) UV is considerably more spectacular than illumination with lower energy LW UV, at least with minerals in my collection. My SW UV lamp produces 254 nanometer UV. This creates some wonderful fluorescent effects. Look at the geode in the next picture below as it appears in ordinary light. Compare it with the same geode fluorescing in SW UV in the second picture.

Electrons in these fluorescing minerals exist in complicated arrangements of discrete energy levels, as if they were sitting on steps of a staircase with varying step heights. Electrons on higher steps have higher energy than electrons on lower steps. When the mineral is illuminated with UV light, electrons gain energy from the UV light and jump up the staircase by many steps at once. Eventually, the excited, bumped up electrons will fall down stairs to lower energy again, but, when they fall down, they can do so by dropping in smaller steps than the original larger, ultraviolet-induced, multistep upward jump. As electrons lose energy by falling down smaller step sizes, they emit lower energy visible light which we see as fluorescence. The energy of visible light photons ranges from red, at 1.77 electron volts (ev), to violet at, 3.10 ev. The energy of a single LW UV photon is 3.40 ev, while a SW UV photon has an even greater energy of 4.88 ev. It's as if visible light comes from jumps between stairs 1.77 to 3.10 feet high, while UV light can kick electrons up through heights of 3.4 or 4.88 feet.

The next two pictures show a small geode recently purchased at the 2018 rock show. The first picture is in ordinary light. The second picture is in SW UV light.

Fluorescent effects appear much more vivid to the naked eye than they appear in these photos. (The opposite held true when photographing auroras.) Fluorescence is, obviously, stronger and more widespread when the UV light source is positioned very close to the specimen, but the UV lamp then blocks the camera's view. I will soon purchase a more powerful SW UV light source which will, I hope, create spectacular fluorescence from a greater distance.

One of the strongest fluorescent minerals in my collection is hardystonite. It looks like an unremarkable rock in ordinary light in the first picture below, but explodes in red and green fluorescence in SW UV as you can see in the second picture below.

Another fluorescing champion is the chunk of calcite and willemite shown in the next two images. Calcite fluoresces red, the willemite fluoresces green.

The green area on the right hand side of the previous picture continues glowing after UV is removed! This is an example of phosphorescence.

Finally, the next two pictures show a driveway stone from a local construction site. Fluorescence increases as the UV light is brought closer to the sample, and yellow specks on the lower left side are more intense and golden to the naked eye than the second photo shows.

I love the colorful way ultraviolet light reveals surprising hidden beauty in minerals. 

Rock Show 2018

Great Specimens!

Last year's New Jersey Mineral, Fossil, Gem, and Jewelry Exhibition was so enjoyable I decided to drive up there again for the 2018 event. This time I avoided stressful, speeding traffic on Interstate 95 by traveling on easygoing, slower Route 301. The event began on Wednesday, April 4th. A significant line awaited entry to the noon opening inside the New Jersey Convention and Expo Center in Edison, NJ, a not particularly attractive building in a huge industrial park.

Upon entering the enormous exhibition I visited the ultraviolet fluorescent mineral exhibit where I hoped to buy some fluorescent rocks. Unfortunately, none were available for sale. Instead, there were several spectacular display cases filled with colorful glowing minerals.

Last year's show increased my interest in fluorescent minerals. I've purchased UV lamps, and collected some unexpected fluorescent specimens near my home. One of my goals at this year's exhibition was to buy a few fluorescent rocks, in particular, some fluorescent geodes. I did find a few geodes, but there weren't many other affordable fluorescent specimens available.

Adjacent to the UV display was a fabulous large exhibition of trilobite fossils. Trilobites come in many varieties, and most of the fossils were exquisite.

Some trilobites had delicate appendages beautifully preserved in a number of fossils.

 

I should have spent more time with the trilobites. In my haste to enter the main exhibit floor, I didn't take time to read all the interesting information posted near the fossil displays.

Next to the trilobite exhibit was an exciting life-size recreation of a Titanoboa swallowing a crocodile! This truly scary 2,500 pound extinct snake was 48 feet long and 26 inches wide!

Escaping the Titanoboa, I headed out into the huge expo area filled with all manner of exhibitors, many with beautiful display cases like the one in the next picture.

I spent hours drooling over magnificent mineral specimens and fossils, including this beautiful two-foot wide slice of petrified wood with tree rings plainly visible.

Ordinary tables are made with ordinary wood, but it's possible to make a table with petrified wood!

Lots of meteorites were for sale, including the following monster cut and polished to show the Widmanstatten pattern. The price tag on this behemoth was $6950!

One of the exhibitors created miniature landscapes upon amethyst. I call these, fairyland rocks.

 

Several giant geodes were on display.

Of course I bought some specimens for my modest collection. The color contrast between this blue fluorite and its brown matrix appealed to me.

All the fluorite crystals in my collection were cubic crystals. I've now added these multicolored octahedral fluorite crystals.

A blue halite crystal caught my eye.

I also liked these stalactite slices.

Cut and polished opal is beautiful, but, oddly, raw opal fascinates me. A vendor from Australia had several samples of unfinished "boulder opal" immersed in shallow water. The water somehow enhanced the colorful opal colors seen in the stone below.

It may have been a mistake to attend the very first day of the five day exhibition. On the one hand, vendors' inventories might have been maximum, and I might have had first choice for purchases. On the other hand, some of the exhibits were still setting up, and not all specimens were available for inspection or sale. If I attend the show next year, I might spend two days instead of one. I felt rushed trying to see everything in one day and ended up leaving early because I was exhausted and hungry. Afterward, I wished I had spent more time taking a leisurely look at the exhibits.

Living History

Fun Afternoon

The afternoon of March 18th was relatively mild and sunny here in Williamsburg. It was a good day to attend an exhibition at the nearby Jamestown Settlement Museum called Military Through the Ages. Dedicated re-enactors displayed the clothing, equipment, food, weapons, and campsites of soldiers through history from the time of ancient Greece up to the modern Vietnam War. The re-enactors were wonderful! They easily stayed in character and spoke convincingly about details of life during their selected historical time period.

For example, the next picture shows a re-enactor portraying a surgeon with the American Revolutionary War army. He patiently explained the uses of medical instruments and medicines displayed on the table before him.

Directly opposite the surgeon's table was a British Royal artillery unit from the same Revolutionary War time period.

One artillery unit member was casting musket balls from molten lead. The silvery molten lead can be seen below in a small metal cup sitting in the fire near the left end of a piece of firewood.

The molten lead was scooped from the cup and poured into several molds to make musket balls. The re-enactors gave musket balls to visitors, but, even when solidified, the balls were often still too hot to handle.

Another 18th century display featured engraved powder horns.

Going back further in time, a group called La Belle Compagnie portrayed the time of the Hundred Years War between England and France 1337-1453.

Exhibits were not always about weapons. Food preparation, sewing, games, and crafts were also prominently displayed.

Another group, Lord Grey's Retinue, portrayed life in the medieval household of Lord Henry Grey of Codnor, England in 1471. One member displayed armor in use at the time and helped visitors try on various pieces.

Near the armor exhibit an archer explained the use of a longbow.

His supply of arrows was impressive. Also impressive was the hundreds of pounds of strength needed to operate the bow and the incredible range of the arrows. They could travel 100 to 200 meters or more!

The archer also displayed different types of arrowheads. Some were meant to penetrate armor. Some were meant to penetrate chain mail. They all look deadly.

Another interesting group was Das Teufels Alpdrucken Fahnlein (The Devil's Nightmare Regiment), German mercenaries of the Holy Roman Empire in 1529. They featured colorful uniforms and fearsome swords.

Here they march as a group.

Ancient Greek warriors represented the 5th century BCE. The crested Greek helmets look particularly fearsome.

Who are the people who become so dedicated to this role playing? How do they get interested in one particular historical time period rather than another?

This enjoyable exhibit returns each year. I hope to attend next year and learn more.